Editor: Simon and Schuster
ISBN: 0029166837
Size: 20,39 MB
Format: PDF
Read: 611
Download The fifteenth edition of this influential book series is a tribute to the person and works of Dr. For over three-quarters of a century the quality discipline (which isnet much older than that itself) has been blessed by the person and dynamics of Dr.
Download- Download The definitive quality management compendium--revised for the first time in a decade For more than 50 years, Juran's Quality Handbook has been the singular essential reference to quality management and engineering.
- Juran’s quality handbook summary. Juran philosophy pdf. Juran’s quality control handbook 4th edition pdf. Quality control handbook summary. Juran’s quality handbook 7th edition pdf free download. Juran quality handbook 7th edition free downloadjuran’s quality handbook pdf. Thu, 01 Nov 2018 15:17:00. GMT juran quality handbook 6th.
Offers practical advice on planning, setting, and achieving quality goals, looks at three case studies, and explains why quality is essential for business success
Quality By Design
Editor:
ISBN: 9781490424675
Size: 20,22 MB
Format: PDF, Mobi
Read: 546
Organizations around the world are quickly moving from a corrective operational mindset to a proactive preventive one. They must now transition to an innovative way of thinking, in order to aggressively grow revenue while continuing to minimize costs. As product lifecycles decrease, reducing product time-to-market is a competitive necessity. It is becoming increasingly vital to 'design it right the first time' in a timely, cost-effective manner.Quality by Design (QbD) and Design for Six Sigma enable organizations to meet these challenges and requirements. Quality by Design is a structured process for developing best in class products (both goods and services) that ensures your customer needs are met by the final result. This book will detail how the tools and methods of QbD are incorporated along with the development and delivery of a particular product or service, and how to meet or exceed the needs of the customers who will purchase and benefit from these products.
Editor: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118971132
Size: 20,69 MB
Format: PDF, Mobi
Read: 626
Juran Quality Control Handbook Free Download For Windows 7
Examining the implications and practical implementation of multi-disciplinary International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) topics, this book gives an integrated view of how the guidelines inform drug development strategic planning and decision-making. • Addresses a consistent need for interpretation, training, and implementation examples of ICH guidelines via case studies • Offers a primary reference point for practitioners addressing the dual challenge of interpretation and practical implementation of ICH guidelines • Uses case studies to help readers understand and apply ICH guidelines • Provides valuable insights into guidelines development, with chapters by authors involved in generating or with experience implementing the guidelines • Includes coverage of stability testing, analytical method validation, impurities, biotechnology drugs and products, and good manufacturing practice (GMP)Total Quality Management And Operational Excellence
Editor: Routledge
ISBN: 1317808428
Size: 16,44 MB
Format: PDF, Mobi
Read: 377
The notion of 'Quality' in business performance has exploded since the publication of the first edition of this classic text in 1989. Today there is a plethora of performance improvement frameworks including Baldrige, EFQM, Lean, Six Sigma and ISO 9001, offering a potentially confusing variety of ways to achieve business excellence. Quality guru John Oakland’s famous TQM model, in many ways a precursor to these frameworks, has evolved to become the ultimate holistic overview of performance improvement strategy. Incorporating the frameworks that succeeded it, the revised model redefines Quality by: Accelerating change Reducing cost Protecting reputation Oakland’s popular, practical, jargon-free style, along with ten case studies eight of which are brand new, effortlessly ties the model to its real-life applications, making it easy to understand how to apply what you’ve learned to your practices and a achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Total Quality Management and Operational Excellence: Text with Cases (Fourth Edition) is supplemented for the first time with a suite of online teaching aids for busy tutors. This exciting update of a classic text is perfect for all students studying for professional qualifications in the management of quality, or those studying science, engineering or business and management who need to understand the part TQM may play in their subjects.
Editor: McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN: 0071629726
Size: 14,13 MB
Format: PDF, ePub, Docs
Read: 958
The definitive quality management compendium--revised for the first time in a decade For more than 50 years, Juran's Quality Handbook has been the singular essential reference to quality management and engineering. The Sixth Edition--the first revision of the Handbook in 10 years--forges a new standard in tools for quality. Bringing leaders, managers, master and black belts, and engineers the most up-to-date methods, research, and tools, under the guidance of a team of the world's top experts, this authoritative resource shows how to apply universal methods for delivering superior results and organizational excellence in any organization, industry, country, or process. Juran's Quality Handbook, sixth edition covers: Leadership--what everyone needs to know about managing for superior quality and results Methods--the most effective methods and tools for attaining superior results, such as Lean, Six Sigma, Root Cause Analysis, Continuous Innovation, and more Industry applications--effectively applying quality management The roles of key functions--such as quality professionals, research and development, supply chain, and governance--and what they must carry out to attain superior results in an organization Performance excellence--pragmatic roadmaps, templates, and tools to aid in developing an effective and sustainable performance excellence system
How To Innovate In Marketing Collection
Editor: FT Press
ISBN: 0133443116
Size: 17,54 MB
Format: PDF
Read: 930
A brand new collection of authoritative guides to marketing innovation 4 authoritative books deliver state-of-the-art guidance for more innovative, more effective, more measurably successful marketing! This 4-book collection will help you bring world-class innovation to marketing and everything that touches it! Start with Making Innovation Work: a formal process that can help you drive top and bottom line growth from innovation throughout marketing and beyond. Packed with new examples, it will help you define the right strategy for effective marketing innovation… structure organizations and incentivize teams to innovate… implement management systems to assess your progress… effectively use metrics from idea creation through commercialization. Next, in Real-Time Marketing for Business Growth, top business consultant Monique Reece offers a proven, start-to-finish blueprint for igniting profitable, sustainable growth. Reece’s “PRAISE” process builds growth through six interrelated steps: Purpose, Research, Analyze, Implement, Strategize, and Evaluate/Execute. She demonstrates how to use fast, agile real-time planning techniques that are tightly integrated with execution… how to clarify your company’s purpose, customer value, and best opportunities… fix sales and marketing problems that have persisted for decades… accurately measure marketing’s real value… combine proven traditional marketing techniques with new social media practices… systematically and continually improve customer experience and lifetime value. Then, in Marketing in the Moment, leading Web marketing consultant Michael Tasner shows exactly how to drive maximum value from advanced Web, online, mobile, and social marketing. Discover which new technologies deliver the best results (and which rarely do)... how to use virtual collaboration to executive marketing projects faster and at lower cost... how to build realistic, practical action plans for the next three months, six months, and twelve months. Finally, in Six Rules for Brand Revitalization, Larry Light and Joan Kiddon teach invaluable lessons from one of the most successful brand revitalization projects in business history: the reinvigoration of McDonald’s®. Larry Light, the Global CMO who spearheaded McDonald’s breakthrough marketing initiatives, presents a systematic blueprint for resurrecting any brand, and driving it to unprecedented levels of success. Light and Joan Kiddon illuminate their blueprint with specific examples, offering detailed “dos” and “don’ts” for everything from segmentation to R&D, leadership to execution. If you’re in marketing (or anywhere near it) this collection’s techniques can powerfully and measurably improve your performance, starting today! From world-renowned marketing experts Tony Davila, Marc Epstein, Robert Shelton, Monique Reece, Michael Tasner, Larry Light, and Joan Kiddon
Editor: FT Press
ISBN: 0133742628
Size: 15,98 MB
Format: PDF, ePub, Docs
Read: 684
Making Innovation Work presents a formal innovation process proven to work at HP, Microsoft, and Toyota to help ordinary managers drive top and bottom line growth from innovation. The authors have drawn on their unsurpassed innovation consulting experience -- as well as the most thorough review of innovation research ever performed. They'll show what works, what doesn't, and how to use management tools to dramatically increase the payoff from innovation investments. Learn how to define the right strategy for effective innovation, how to structure an organization to innovate best, how to implement management systems to assess ongoing innovation, how to incentivize teams to deliver, and much more. This book offers the first authoritative guide to using metrics at every step of the innovation process -- from idea creation and selection through prototyping and commercialization. This updated edition refreshes the examples used throughout the book and features a new introduction that gives currency to the principles covered throughout. ¿ For years, Creating Breakthrough Products has offered an indispensable roadmap for uncovering new opportunities, identifying what customers really value, and building products and services that redefine markets -- or create entirely new markets. Now, the authors have thoroughly updated their classic book, adding brand-new chapters on service design and global innovation, plus new insights, best practices, and case studies from both U.S. and global companies. Their new second edition presents: Revolutionary (Apple-style) and evolutionary (Disney-style) approaches to innovation: choosing between them, and making either one work More coverage of Value Opportunity Analysis and ethnography New case studies ranging from Navistar's latest long-haul truck to P+G's reinvention of Herbal Essences, plus updates to existing cases New coverage of the emerging environment of product-service ecosystems Additional visual maps and illustrations that make the book more intuitive and accessible Readers will find new insights into identifying Product Opportunity Gaps that can lead to enormous success, navigating the 'Fuzzy Front End' of product development, and leveraging contributions from diverse product teams -- while staying relentlessly focused on their customers' values and lifestyles, from strategy through execution.
Communication In The Design Process
Editor: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1135802211
Size: 19,54 MB
Format: PDF, ePub, Mobi
Read: 452
The Design and Construction industry is in a state of attempted change. Improvement is a key word for employer, consultant and contractor. Real steps forward are slow, and most damning is the continuous repetition of the same mistakes. Communication in the Design Process considers the gap that can exist between client expectation and realisation in building projects. It focuses on the communication interface between the employer and the consultant design team, and specifically on the areas of function, finance, timescale and aesthetics. This book includes an extensive review of current thinking and guidance on this and other related subjects. New data is obtained from a survey using questionnaires and personal semi-structured interviews. Data is presented graphically, analysed and compared with practice as defined in current literature.
Editor: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118179692
Size: 20,78 MB
Format: PDF, Kindle
Read: 189
Surveying a wide variety of disciplines, this fully-revised 7th edition offers a sophisticated and engaging treatment of the rapidly expanding field of organizational communication Places organizations and organizational communication within a broader social, economic, and cultural context Applies a global perspective throughout, including thoughtful consideration of non-Western forms of leadership, as well as global economic contexts Offers a level of sophistication and integration of ideas from a variety of disciplines that makes this treatment definitive Updated in the seventh edition: Coverage of recent events and their ethical dimensions, including the bank crisis and bailouts in the US and UK Offers a nuanced, in-depth discussion of technology, and a new chapter on organizational change Includes new and revised case studies for a fresh view on perennial topics, incorporating a global focus throughout Online Instructors' Manual, including sample syllabi, tips for using the case studies, test questions, and supplemental case studies
Value By Design
Editor: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780470901359
Size: 10,25 MB
Format: PDF, ePub, Docs
Read: 366
Value by Design is a practical guide for real-world improvement in clinical microsystems. Clinical microsystem theory, as implemented by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and health care organizations nationally and internationally, is the foundation of high-performing front line health care teams who achieve exceptional quality and value. These authors combine theory and principles to create a strategic framework and field-tested tools to assess and improve systems of care. Their approach links patients, families, health care professionals and strategic organizational goals at all levels of the organization: micro, meso and macrosystem levels to achieve the ultimate quality and value a health care system is capable of offering.
Born | December 24, 1904 Brăila, Romania |
---|---|
Died | February 28, 2008 (aged 103) |
Occupation | engineer and management consultant |
Spouse(s) | Sadie Shapiro (born 18 March 1905 – died 2 December 2008, 103 years & 259 days old) (marriage: June 5, 1926 – 28 February 2008 his death.) |
Children | Robert (b. 1928) Sylvia (b. 1930) Charles (b. 1931) Donald (b. 1941) |
Parent(s) | Jakob and Gitel Juran |
Joseph Moses Juran (December 24, 1904 – February 28, 2008) was a Romanian-born American engineer and management consultant. He was an evangelist for quality and quality management, having written several books on those subjects.[1] He was the brother of Academy Award winner Nathan H. Juran.
- 5Contributions
- 10Bibliography
Early life[edit]
Juran was born in Brăila, Romania, one of the six children born to Jakob and Gitel Juran; they later lived in Gura Humorului. He had three sisters: Rebecca (nicknamed Betty), Minerva, who earned a doctoral degree and had a career in education, and Charlotte. He had two brothers: Nathan H. Juran and Rudolph, known as Rudy. Rudy founded a municipal bond company[2]:6–7 In 1912, Juran emigrated to America with his family, settling in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He excelled in school, especially in mathematics. He was a chess champion at an early age,[3] and dominated chess at Western Electric. Juran graduated from Minneapolis South High School in 1920.
In 1924, with a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Minnesota, Juran joined Western Electric's Hawthorne Works. His first job was troubleshooting in the Complaint Department.[2]:79 In 1925, Bell Labs proposed that Hawthorne Works personnel be trained in its newly developed statistical sampling and control chart techniques. Juran was chosen to join the Inspection Statistical Department, a small group of engineers charged with applying and disseminating Bell Labs' statistical quality control innovations. This highly visible position fueled Juran's rapid ascent in the organization and the course of his later career.[2]:110
Personal life[edit]
In 1926, he married Sadie Shapiro. Joseph and Sadie met in 1924 when his sister Betty moved to Chicago, and Sadie and he met her train; in his autobiography, he wrote of meeting Sadie, 'There and then I was smitten and have remained so ever since.' They were engaged in 1925, on Joseph's 21st birthday. Fifteen months later, they were married. They had been married for nearly 82 years when he died in 2008.
Joseph and Sadie raised four children (three sons and a daughter): Robert, Sylvia, Charles, and Donald. Robert was an award-winning newspaper editor, and Sylvia earned a doctorate in Russian literature.
Department chief[edit]
Juran was promoted to department chief in 1928, and the following year became a division chief. He published his first quality-related article in Mechanical Engineering in 1935. In 1937, he moved to Western Electric/AT&T's headquarters in New York City, where he held the position of Chief Industrial Engineer.
As a hedge against the uncertainties of the Great Depression, he enrolled in Loyola University Chicago School of Law in 1931. He graduated in 1935 and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1936, though he never practiced law.[2]:142
During the Second World War, through an arrangement with his employer, Juran served in the Lend-Lease Administration and Foreign Economic Administration. Just before the war's end, he resigned from Western Electric and his government post, intending to become a freelance consultant.[2]:204–205
He soon joined the faculty of New York University as an adjunct professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, where he taught courses in quality control and ran round table seminars for executives. He also worked via a small management consulting firm on projects for Gilette, Hamilton Watch Company and Borg-Warner. After the firm's owner's sudden death, Juran began his own independent practice, from which he made a comfortable living until his retirement in the late 1990s. His early clients included the now defunct Bigelow-Sanford Carpet Company, the Koppers Company, the International Latex Company, Bausch & Lomb and General Foods.
Japan[edit]
The end of World War II compelled Japan to change its focus from becoming a military power to becoming an economic one. Despite Japan's ability to compete on price, its consumer goods manufacturers suffered from a long-established reputation of poor quality. The first edition of Juran's Quality Control Handbook in 1951 attracted the attention of the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE), which invited him to Japan in 1952. When he finally arrived in Japan in 1954, Juran met with executives from ten manufacturing companies, notably Showa Denko, Nippon Kōgaku, Noritake, and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company.[2]:250–257 He also lectured at Hakone, Waseda University, Ōsaka, and Kōyasan. During his life, he made ten visits to Japan, the last in 1990.
Working independently of W. Edwards Deming (who focused on the use of statistical process control), Juran—who focused on managing for quality—went to Japan and started courses (1954) in quality management. The training began with top and middle management. The idea that top and middle management needed training had found resistance in the United States. For Japan, it would take some 20 years for the training to pay off.[improper synthesis?] In the 1970s, Japanese products began to be seen as the leaders in quality. This sparked a crisis in the United States due to quality issues in the 1980s.[citation needed]
Contributions[edit]
Pareto principle[edit]
In 1941, Juran stumbled across the work of Vilfredo Pareto and began to apply the Pareto principle to quality issues (for example, 80% of a problem is caused by 20% of the causes). This is also known as 'the vital few and the trivial many.' In later years, Juran preferred 'the vital few and the useful many' to signal that the remaining 80% of the causes should not be totally ignored.
For example, he argued that most defects are the result of a small percentage of the causes of all defects, according to the Economist. For another, 20% of a team’s members are going to make up 80% of a project’s successful results. And 20% of a businesses’ customers will create 80% of the profit.
Juran felt organizations, armed with that knowledge, would focus less on meaningless minutiae and more on identifying the 20%. That means eliminating the 20% of mistakes causing the majority of defects, rewarding the 20% of employees causing 80% of the success and serving the 20% of loyal customers that drive sales.In a way, Pareto’s Principle puts numbers to the idea that in business, as in life, things are not evenly distributed. Pareto was studying land ownership in Switzerland. But Juran saw that it applied to business, as well.
Sources: https://www.sixsigmadaily.com/remembering-joseph-juran-quality-improvement/
Management theory[edit]
When he began his career in the 1920s, the principal focus in quality management was on the quality of the end, or finished, product. The tools used were from the Bell system of acceptance sampling, inspection plans, and control charts. The ideas of Frederick Winslow Taylor dominated.
Juran is widely credited for adding the human dimension to quality management. He pushed for the education and training of managers. For Juran, human relations problems were the ones to isolate, and resistance to change was the root cause of quality issues. Juran credits Margaret Mead's book Cultural Patterns and Technical Change for illuminating the core problem in reforming business quality.[2]:267 His book Managerial Breakthrough, published in 1964, outlined the issue.
Juran's concept of quality management extended outside the walls of the factory to encompass nonmanufacturing processes, especially those that might be thought of as service related. For example, in an interview published in 1997[4] he observed:
The key issues facing managers in sales are no different than those faced by managers in other disciplines. Sales managers say they face problems such as 'It takes us too long...we need to reduce the error rate.' They want to know, 'How do customers perceive us?' These issues are no different than those facing managers trying to improve in other fields. The systematic approaches to improvement are identical. ... There should be no reason our familiar principles of quality and process engineering would not work in the sales process.
The Juran trilogy[edit]
Juran was one of the first to write about the cost of poor quality.[5] This was illustrated by his 'Juran trilogy,' an approach to cross-functional management, which is composed of three managerial processes: quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. Without change, there will be a constant waste; during change there will be increased costs, but after the improvement, margins will be higher and the increased costs are recouped.
Transferring quality knowledge between East and West[edit]
During his 1966 visit to Japan, Juran learned about the Japanese concept of quality circles, which he enthusiastically evangelized in the West.[6]He also acted as a matchmaker between U.S. and Japanese companies looking for introductions to each other.[2]:260
Juran Institute[edit]
Juran Quality Control Handbook free download. software
Juran founded the Juran Institute in 1979. The Institute is an international training, certification, and consulting company that provides training and consulting services in quality management, Lean manufacturing management and business process management, as well as Six Sigma certification. The institute is based in Southbury, Connecticut.[7] Their mission statement is to 'Create a global community of practice to empower organizations and people to push beyond their limits.'[8]
Retirement[edit]
Juran was active well into his 80s, and gave up international travel only at age 86. He retired at age 90 but still gave interviews. His activities during the second half of his life include:
- Consulting for U.S. companies such as Armour and Company, Dennison Manufacturing Company, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Otis Elevator Company, Xerox, and the United States Navy Fleet Ballistic Missile System.,[2]:276–286 Steve Jobs.
- Consulting for Western European and Japanese companies such as Rolls-Royce Motors, Philips, Volkswagen, Royal Dutch Shell, and Toyota Motor Company.[2]:307–324
- Pro bono consulting for Soviet-bloc countries (Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Russia, Poland, and Yugoslavia).[2]:313–316
- Founding the Juran Institute[2]:325–336 and the Juran Foundation.[2]:337–342
Later life and death[edit]
Juran began writing his memoirs at 92. They were published two months before he celebrated his 99th birthday. He gave two interviews at 94 and 97.
In 2004, at age 100, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Luleå University of Technology in Sweden. A special event was held in May to mark his 100th birthday.
Juran Quality Control Handbook free. download full
Sadie and he celebrated their 81st wedding anniversary in June 2007. They were both 102 at the time. Juran died of a stroke on 28 February 2008, at age 103, in Rye, New York. He was active on his 103rd birthday and was caring for himself and Sadie, who was in poor health, when he died. Sadie died on 2 December 2008, at age 103. They were survived by their four children, nine grandchildren, and ten great-grandchildren.[9][3] Juran left a book that was 37% complete, which he began at age 98.
See also[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
Juran cites the following as his most influential works:[2]:261–275
Books[edit]
- Quality Control Handbook, New York, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951, OCLC1220529
- Eventually published in six editions: 2nd edition, 1962, 3rd edition, 1974, 4th edition, 1988, 5th edition, 1999, 6th edition, 2010
- Managerial Breakthrough, New York, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964
- Management of Quality Control, New York, New York: Joseph M. Juran, 1967, OCLC66818686
- Quality Planning and Analysis, New York, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970
- Upper Management and Quality, New York, New York: Joseph M. Juran, 1980, OCLC8103276
- Juran on Planning for Quality, New York, New York: The Free Press, 1988, OCLC16468905
Published papers[edit]
- 'Directions for ASQC', Industrial Quality Control, Buffalo, New York: Society of Quality Control Engineers, November 1951
- 'Universals in Management Planning and Control', Management Review, New York, New York: American Management Association, pp. 748–761, November 1954
- 'Improving the Relationship between Staff and Line', Personnel, New York, New York: American Management Association, May 1956
- 'Industrial Diagnostics', Management Review, New York, New York: American Management Association, June 1957
- 'Operator Errors—Time for a New Look', ASQC Journal, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, February 1968
- 'The QC Circle Phenomenon', Industrial Quality Control, Buffalo, New York: Society of Quality Control Engineers, January 1967
- 'Mobilizing for the 1970s', Quality Progress, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, August 1969
- 'Consumerism and Product Quality', Quality Progress, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, July 1970
- 'And One Makes Fifty', Quality Progress, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, March 1975
- 'The Non-Pareto Principle: Mea Culpa', Quality Progress, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, May 1975
- 'Khrushchev's Venture into Quality Improvement', Quality Progress, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, January 1976
- 'Japanese and Western Quality—a Contrast', Quality Progress, New York, New York: American Society for Quality Control, December 1978
In Japanese[edit]
- Planning and Practices in Quality Control, Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers, 1956
- a collection of Juran's 1954 lectures[2]:260
- Lectures in Quality Control, 1956[citation needed]
- Lectures in General Management, 1960[citation needed]
References[edit]
- ^Phillips-Donaldson, Debbie (May 2004), '100 Years Of Juran', Quality Progress, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: American Society for Quality, 37 (5), pp. 25–39, retrieved 2008-06-01
- ^ abcdefghijklmnoJuran, Joseph M. (2004), Architect of Quality: The Autobiography of Dr. Joseph M. Juran (1 ed.), New York City: McGraw-Hill, ISBN978-0-07-142610-7, OCLC52877405
- ^ abBunkley, Nick (2008-03-03), 'Joseph Juran, 103, Pioneer in Quality Control, Dies', New York Times, retrieved 2008-06-01
- ^Paul H. Selden (1997), Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop, Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press, pp. xxi–xxii
- ^Bergman & Klefsjö (2007), Kvalitet från behov till användning, Studentlitteratur, ISBN978-91-44-04416-3
- ^'The QC Circle Phenomenon', Industrial Quality Control, Buffalo, New York: Society of Quality Control Engineers, January 1967
- ^'Management Consulting - Juran Global'. juran.com. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^'ASQ: About: Joseph M. Juran | ASQ'. asq.org. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ^'Joseph Juran, pioneer of quality control, dies at age 103', International Herald Tribune, March 1, 2008, archived from the original on March 14, 2008, retrieved April 5, 2008
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joseph M. Juran |